Saturday, March 5, 2011

The Negative Inference Fallacy

The argument of the high Calvinist on limited atonement in John 10:15 is thus:
Those for whom the Son died, the Holy Spirit regenerates and grants saving faith. Christ died for the sheep. We know there are sheep and goats. By not stating "Christ died for the sheep and goats" we know that Christ only died for the sheep.
Therefore, He did not die for the goats. Therefore, the sins of the goats were not expiated for.

This argument is based on a faulty premise (the sentence in pink), and results in a false conclusion (red). Their mistake is that a disjunctive syllogism (either P or Q, P, therefore Not Q) is only valid for the exclusive case (either P or Q, but not both).  For example, the following exclusive case is valid: he's either dead or alive. The inclusive case however, is not valid: it's either raining or it's warm outside, it's warm, therefore it cannot be raining.
This presumption of the exclusive case may look strong at first, but a closer examination shows this assumption doesn't hold up. Of course the hyper-calvinist will answer this charge by saying that Q is the case NOT P- Christ dies for the elect, therefore His work is not for the not-elect.
But this is a false dichotomy, it's to assume that election is the mirror opposite to reprobation. Reprobation and election are not in the same class, they are not symmetric; scriptures speak of the reprobate being given a fair trial and of condemning themselves, "You lazy and wicked servant, from your own words will you be judged etc" while the elect, being justified, have their case dismissed before God. The categories remain distinct.  So unfortunately, given we know God elects all we can conclude is that He elects. P isn't non Q, it's just P.

If that were not enough there is a second problem with the statement in the modus ponens: "All whom Christ expiates sins for are saved, the goats end up in hell, therefore the goats didn't have their sins expiated on the cross" in that it commits the fallacy of denying the antecedent (A implies B and B is false, therefore A is false). An example of this fallacy might help to show the problem with it: all good math students can do calculus, Sam can't do calculus, therefore Sam is a bad math student.  The faulty premise of the High Calvinist is that expiation from the cross automatically saves regardless of faith, but the Bible teaches us that to get to Heaven we must have both an expiation of sins and faith, (A implies {B AND C}) and unless both conditions are met a person goes to hell.  So even if we know a reprobate is in hell we can only conclude that they failed to have both {faith AND expiation}. We cannot conclude that because they go to hell they had no expiation.

What the hyper-calvinist needs is a negative statement that Christ did not atone for the non-elect.  It would look something like: my death serves no purpose to the non-elect. But in fact the scriptures never give a negative on the nature of expiation. We see an affirmation that Christ dies for all, and we certainly clearly see His death is for the elect, but we are never given the denial that would prove the hypers assertion.  In the final analysis of this verse we know that Christ dies for the sheep, therefore the sheep will be saved.  P, therefore P.

5 comments:

THEOparadox said...

Our friend David has written a good article on John 10, demonstrating the same logical fallacy you mention here. It's ironic that one embraces High Calvinism because it seems to be logical, but then ends up committing logical fallacies to maintain it.

By the way, thank for the link!

Derek

Anonymous said...

I won't discuss your theology, we can disagree about that. But you might think about changing your blog's title: its central focus is Christ is theologically sound but grammatically suspect. Its as a possessive does not use the apostrophe!

Jeff Danleoni said...

An example of this fallacy might help to show the problem with it: all good math students can do calculus, Sam can't do calculus, therefore Sam is a bad math student.

What's wrong with that conclusion? Sam IS a bad math student.

Sam is a math student. He can't do calculus. All good math students can do calculus. Sam is therefore not a good math student.

A speck in Arkansas said...

Wow - nicely done.

Anonymous said...

Jesus said he lays down his life for his sheep he calles by name, who hear his voice, having been given to him by his Father (Jn. 10:14-16, 3-5, 27-30). Thus, Jesus did NOT lay down his life for the sheep who are NOT his, whom he does NOT call by name, and so, do NOT hear his voice; that is, those who have NOT been given to him by his Father. Perfectly logical.

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